[vulkan]: Support multiple external semaphore implementations.

This CL refactors the implementation of VkSemaphore objects
in the following way:

- Add the ability to support several external handle types
  concurrently. Before this CL, each platform could support
  a single handle type (e.g. on Linux,
  VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT only).

  The changes here will allow future CLs to support more than
  one type per platform (e.g. the Linux implementation may
  support OPAQUE_FD_BIT as well as SYNC_FD_BIT at the same
  time).

- Better implementation of temporary imports. In particular,
  the following sequence now works properly:

    1) Create exportable semaphore A.
    2) Export A to an external handle/descriptor.
    3) Signal A.
    4) Temporarily import _another_ handle into A.
    5) A.wait()   // waits on the temporary payload, then discard it.

  Before the CL, A would end up, incorrectly, unsignalled. Because
  the export operation created an External instance that held
  the payload modified in 3), which was then discarded after
  the wait() in 5).

- Improved and consistent handling of errors during import/export
  operations, through the use of templates.

+ Add a technical note in VkSemaphore.h explaining how everything
  works, since there are several subtle points in the spec.

Bug: b/140421736

Change-Id: I9b6935db3238fec7af8e0c81666e2f5c72075756
Reviewed-on: https://swiftshader-review.googlesource.com/c/SwiftShader/+/39880
Tested-by: David Turner <digit@google.com>
Kokoro-Presubmit: kokoro <noreply+kokoro@google.com>
Kokoro-Presubmit: David Turner <digit@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Chris Forbes <chrisforbes@google.com>
diff --git a/src/Vulkan/BUILD.gn b/src/Vulkan/BUILD.gn
index 9ea2d28..19b7e79 100644
--- a/src/Vulkan/BUILD.gn
+++ b/src/Vulkan/BUILD.gn
@@ -101,8 +101,6 @@
     ]
   } else if (is_fuchsia) {
     sources += [ "VkSemaphoreExternalFuchsia.hpp" ]
-  } else {
-    sources += [ "VkSemaphoreExternalNone.hpp" ]
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphore.cpp b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphore.cpp
index 72bee8b..8daef84 100644
--- a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphore.cpp
+++ b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphore.cpp
@@ -17,18 +17,6 @@
 #include "VkConfig.h"
 #include "VkStringify.hpp"
 
-#if SWIFTSHADER_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_OPAQUE_FD
-#	if defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__)
-#		include "VkSemaphoreExternalLinux.hpp"
-#	else
-#		error "Missing VK_KHR_external_semaphore_fd implementation for this platform!"
-#	endif
-#elif VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
-#	include "VkSemaphoreExternalFuchsia.hpp"
-#else
-#	include "VkSemaphoreExternalNone.hpp"
-#endif
-
 #include "marl/blockingcall.h"
 #include "marl/conditionvariable.h"
 
@@ -38,11 +26,76 @@
 
 namespace vk {
 
+// This is a base abstract class for all external semaphore implementations
+// used in this source file.
+class Semaphore::External
+{
+public:
+	virtual ~External() = default;
+
+	// Initialize new instance with a given initial state.
+	virtual VkResult init(bool initialState) = 0;
+
+	virtual bool tryWait() = 0;
+	virtual void wait() = 0;
+	virtual void signal() = 0;
+
+	// For VK_KHR_external_semaphore_fd
+	virtual VkResult importOpaqueFd(int fd)
+	{
+		return VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	virtual VkResult exportOpaqueFd(int *pFd)
+	{
+		return VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+#if VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
+	// For VK_FUCHSIA_external_semaphore
+	virtual VkResult importHandle(zx_handle_t handle)
+	{
+		return VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE;
+	}
+	virtual VkResult exportHandle(zx_handle_t *pHandle)
+	{
+		return VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE;
+	}
+#endif
+	// Pointer to previous temporary external instanc,e used for |tempExternal| only.
+	External *previous = nullptr;
+};
+
+}  // namespace vk
+
+#if SWIFTSHADER_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_OPAQUE_FD
+#	if defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__)
+#		include "VkSemaphoreExternalLinux.hpp"
+#	else
+#		error "Missing VK_KHR_external_semaphore_fd implementation for this platform!"
+#	endif
+#elif VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
+#	include "VkSemaphoreExternalFuchsia.hpp"
+#endif
+
+namespace vk {
+
+// The bitmask of all external semaphore handle types supported by this source file.
+static const VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlags kSupportedTypes =
+#if SWIFTSHADER_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_OPAQUE_FD
+    VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT |
+#endif
+#if VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
+    VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_TEMP_ZIRCON_EVENT_BIT_FUCHSIA |
+#endif
+    0;
+
 namespace {
 
 struct SemaphoreCreateInfo
 {
 	bool exportSemaphore = false;
+	VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlags exportHandleTypes = 0;
 
 	// Create a new instance. The external instance will be allocated only
 	// the pCreateInfo->pNext chain indicates it needs to be exported.
@@ -57,9 +110,12 @@
 				{
 					const auto *exportInfo = reinterpret_cast<const VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfo *>(nextInfo);
 					exportSemaphore = true;
-					if(exportInfo->handleTypes != Semaphore::External::kExternalSemaphoreHandleType)
+					exportHandleTypes = exportInfo->handleTypes;
+					if((exportHandleTypes & ~kSupportedTypes) != 0)
 					{
-						UNSUPPORTED("exportInfo->handleTypes %d", int(exportInfo->handleTypes));
+						UNSUPPORTED("exportInfo->handleTypes 0x%X (supports 0x%X)",
+						            int(exportHandleTypes),
+						            int(kSupportedTypes));
 					}
 				}
 				break;
@@ -74,27 +130,30 @@
 
 void Semaphore::wait()
 {
-	if(external)
+	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+	External *ext = tempExternal ? tempExternal : external;
+	if(ext)
 	{
-		if(!external->tryWait())
+		if(!ext->tryWait())
 		{
-			// Dispatch the external wait to a background thread.
+			// Dispatch the ext wait to a background thread.
 			// Even if this creates a new thread on each
 			// call, it is assumed that this is negligible
 			// compared with the actual semaphore wait()
 			// operation.
-			marl::blocking_call([this]() {
-				external->wait();
+			marl::blocking_call([ext, &lock]() {
+				lock.unlock();
+				ext->wait();
+				lock.lock();
 			});
 		}
 
-		// If the import was temporary, reset the semaphore to its
-		// permanent state by getting rid of |external|.
+		// If the import was temporary, reset the semaphore to its previous state.
 		// See "6.4.5. Importing Semaphore Payloads" in Vulkan 1.1 spec.
-		if(temporaryImport)
+		if(ext == tempExternal)
 		{
-			deallocateExternal();
-			temporaryImport = false;
+			tempExternal = ext->previous;
+			deallocateExternal(ext);
 		}
 	}
 	else
@@ -105,11 +164,13 @@
 
 void Semaphore::signal()
 {
-	if(external)
+	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+	External *ext = tempExternal ? tempExternal : external;
+	if(ext)
 	{
 		// Assumes that signalling an external semaphore is non-blocking,
 		// so it can be performed directly either from a fiber or thread.
-		external->signal();
+		ext->signal();
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -121,16 +182,22 @@
     : allocator(pAllocator)
 {
 	SemaphoreCreateInfo info(pCreateInfo);
-	if(info.exportSemaphore)
-	{
-		allocateExternal();
-		external->init();
-	}
+	exportableHandleTypes = info.exportHandleTypes;
 }
 
 void Semaphore::destroy(const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator)
 {
-	deallocateExternal();
+	while(tempExternal)
+	{
+		External *ext = tempExternal;
+		tempExternal = ext->previous;
+		deallocateExternal(ext);
+	}
+	if(external)
+	{
+		deallocateExternal(external);
+		external = nullptr;
+	}
 }
 
 size_t Semaphore::ComputeRequiredAllocationSize(const VkSemaphoreCreateInfo *pCreateInfo)
@@ -139,78 +206,140 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-void Semaphore::allocateExternal()
+template<class EXTERNAL>
+Semaphore::External *Semaphore::allocateExternal()
 {
-	ASSERT(external == nullptr);
-	external = reinterpret_cast<Semaphore::External *>(
-	    vk::allocate(sizeof(Semaphore::External), vk::REQUIRED_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT, allocator));
-	new(external) Semaphore::External();
+	auto *ext = reinterpret_cast<Semaphore::External *>(
+	    vk::allocate(sizeof(EXTERNAL), alignof(EXTERNAL), allocator));
+	new(ext) EXTERNAL();
+	return ext;
 }
 
-void Semaphore::deallocateExternal()
+void Semaphore::deallocateExternal(Semaphore::External *ext)
 {
-	if(external)
+	ext->~External();
+	vk::deallocate(ext, allocator);
+}
+
+template<typename ALLOC_FUNC, typename IMPORT_FUNC>
+VkResult Semaphore::importPayload(bool temporaryImport,
+                                  ALLOC_FUNC alloc_func,
+                                  IMPORT_FUNC import_func)
+{
+	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+
+	// Create new External instance if needed.
+	External *ext = external;
+	if(temporaryImport || !ext)
 	{
-		vk::deallocate(external, allocator);
-		external = nullptr;
+		ext = alloc_func();
 	}
+	VkResult result = import_func(ext);
+	if(result != VK_SUCCESS)
+	{
+		if(temporaryImport || !external)
+		{
+			deallocateExternal(ext);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	if(temporaryImport)
+	{
+		ext->previous = tempExternal;
+		tempExternal = ext;
+	}
+	else if(!external)
+	{
+		external = ext;
+	}
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+template<typename ALLOC_FUNC, typename EXPORT_FUNC>
+VkResult Semaphore::exportPayload(ALLOC_FUNC alloc_func, EXPORT_FUNC export_func)
+{
+	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+	// Sanity check, do not try to export a semaphore that has a temporary import.
+	if(tempExternal != nullptr)
+	{
+		TRACE("Cannot export semaphore with a temporary import!");
+		return VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE;
+	}
+	// Allocate |external| if it doesn't exist yet.
+	if(!external)
+	{
+		External *ext = alloc_func();
+		VkResult result = ext->init(internal.isSignalled());
+		if(result != VK_SUCCESS)
+		{
+			deallocateExternal(ext);
+			return result;
+		}
+		external = ext;
+	}
+	return export_func(external);
 }
 
 #if SWIFTSHADER_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_OPAQUE_FD
-VkResult Semaphore::importFd(int fd, bool tempImport)
+VkResult Semaphore::importFd(int fd, bool temporaryImport)
 {
-	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-	if(!external)
-	{
-		allocateExternal();
-	}
-	VkResult result = external->importFd(fd);
-	if(result != VK_SUCCESS)
-	{
-		deallocateExternal();
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		temporaryImport = tempImport;
-	}
-	return result;
+	return importPayload(
+	    temporaryImport,
+	    [this]() {
+		    return allocateExternal<OpaqueFdExternalSemaphore>();
+	    },
+	    [fd](External *ext) {
+		    return ext->importOpaqueFd(fd);
+	    });
 }
 
 VkResult Semaphore::exportFd(int *pFd)
 {
-	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-	if(!external)
+	if((exportableHandleTypes & VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT) == 0)
 	{
-		TRACE("Cannot export non-external semaphore");
+		TRACE("Cannot export semaphore as opaque FD (exportableHandleType = 0x%X, want 0x%X)",
+		      exportableHandleTypes,
+		      VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT);
+
 		return VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE;
 	}
-	return external->exportFd(pFd);
+
+	return exportPayload([this]() { return allocateExternal<OpaqueFdExternalSemaphore>(); },
+	                     [pFd](External *ext) {
+		                     return ext->exportOpaqueFd(pFd);
+	                     });
 }
 #endif  // SWIFTSHADER_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_OPAQUE_FD
 
 #if VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
-VkResult Semaphore::importHandle(zx_handle_t handle, bool tempImport)
+VkResult Semaphore::importHandle(zx_handle_t handle, bool temporaryImport)
 {
-	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-	if(!external)
-	{
-		allocateExternal();
-	}
-	// NOTE: Imports are just moving a handle so cannot fail.
-	external->importHandle(handle);
-	temporaryImport = tempImport;
-	return VK_SUCCESS;
+	return importPayload(
+	    temporaryImport,
+	    [this]() {
+		    return allocateExternal<ZirconEventExternalSemaphore>();
+	    },
+	    [handle](External *ext) {
+		    return ext->importHandle(handle);
+	    });
 }
 
 VkResult Semaphore::exportHandle(zx_handle_t *pHandle)
 {
-	std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-	if(!external)
+	if((exportableHandleTypes & VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_TEMP_ZIRCON_EVENT_BIT_FUCHSIA) == 0)
 	{
-		TRACE("Cannot export non-external semaphore");
+		TRACE("Cannot export semaphore as Zircon handle (exportableHandleType = 0x%X, want 0x%X)",
+		      exportableHandleTypes,
+		      VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_TEMP_ZIRCON_EVENT_BIT_FUCHSIA);
+
 		return VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE;
 	}
-	return external->exportHandle(pHandle);
+
+	return exportPayload([this]() { return allocateExternal<ZirconEventExternalSemaphore>(); },
+	                     [pHandle](External *ext) {
+		                     return ext->exportHandle(pHandle);
+	                     });
 }
 #endif  // VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
 
diff --git a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphore.hpp b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphore.hpp
index 54004d8..b67d4d9 100644
--- a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphore.hpp
+++ b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphore.hpp
@@ -58,14 +58,99 @@
 	class External;
 
 private:
-	void allocateExternal();
-	void deallocateExternal();
+	// Small technical note on how semaphores are imported/exported with Vulkan:
+	//
+	// - A Vulkan Semaphore objects has a "payload", corresponding to a
+	//   simple atomic boolean flag.
+	//
+	// - A Vulkan Semaphore object can be "exported": this creates a
+	//   platform-specific handle / descriptor (which can be passed to other
+	//   processes), and is linked in some way to the original semaphore's
+	//   payload.
+	//
+	// - Similarly, said handle / descriptor can be "imported" into a Vulkan
+	//   Semaphore object. By default, that semaphore loses its payload, and
+	//   instead uses the one referenced / shared through the descriptor.
+	//
+	//   Hence if semaphore A exports its payload through a descriptor that
+	//   is later imported into semaphore B, then both A and B will use/share
+	//   the same payload (i.e. signal flag), making cross-process
+	//   synchronization possible.
+	//
+	// - There are also "temporary imports", where the target semaphore's
+	//   payload is not lost, but is simply hidden/stashed. But the next wait()
+	//   operation on the same semaphore should remove the temporary import,
+	//   and restore the previous payload.
+	//
+	// - There are many handle / descriptor types, which are listed through
+	//   the VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlagBits. A given Vulkan
+	//   implementation might support onle one or several at the same time
+	//   (e.g. on Linux or Android, it could support both OPAQUE_FD_BIT and
+	//   SYNC_FD_BIT, while on Windows, it would be OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT +
+	//   OPAQUE_WIN32_KMT_BIT + D3D12_FENCE_BIT).
+	//
+	// - To be able to export a semaphore, VkCreateSemaphore() must be called
+	//   with a VkSemaphoreCreateInfo that lists the types of all possible
+	//   platform-specific handles the semaphore could be exported to
+	//   (e.g. on Linux, it is possible to specify that a semaphore might be
+	//   exported as an opaque FD, or as a Linux Sync FD).
+	//
+	//   However, which exact type is however only determined later by the
+	//   export operation itself (e.g. vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR() could be called to export
+	//   either a VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT or a
+	//   VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT).
+	//
+	//   Once a semaphore has been exported as one type, it is not possible
+	//   to export the same payload with a different type (though the spec
+	//   doesn't seem to be explicit about this, it's simply impossible in
+	//   general).
+	//
+	// This leads to the following design:
+	//
+	//   - |internal| is a simple marl::Event that represents the semaphore's
+	//     payload when it is not exported, or imported non-temporarily.
+	//
+	//   - |external| points to an external semaphore payload. It is created
+	//     on demand if the semaphore is exported or imported non-temporarily.
+	//     Note that once |external| is created, |internal| is ignored.
+	//
+	//   - |tempExternal| points to a linked-list of temporary external
+	//     semaphore payloads. The list head corresponds to the most recent
+	//     temporary import.
+	//
+
+	// Internal template to allocate a new External implementation.
+	template<class EXTERNAL>
+	External *allocateExternal();
+
+	void deallocateExternal(External *ext);
+
+	// Used internally to import an external payload.
+	// |temporaryImport| is true iff the import is temporary.
+	// |alloc_func| is callable that allocates a new External instance of the
+	// appropriate type.
+	// |import_func| is callable that takes a single parameter, which
+	// corresponds to the external handle/descriptor, and returns a VkResult
+	// values.
+	template<typename ALLOC_FUNC, typename IMPORT_FUNC>
+	VkResult importPayload(bool temporaryImport,
+	                       ALLOC_FUNC alloc_func,
+	                       IMPORT_FUNC import_func);
+
+	// Used internally to export a given payload.
+	// |alloc_func| is a callable that allocates a new External instance of
+	// the appropriate type.
+	// |export_func| is a callable that takes a pointer to an External instance,
+	// and a pointer to a handle/descriptor, and returns a VkResult.
+	template<typename ALLOC_FUNC, typename EXPORT_FUNC>
+	VkResult exportPayload(ALLOC_FUNC alloc_func, EXPORT_FUNC export_func);
 
 	const VkAllocationCallbacks *allocator = nullptr;
-	marl::Event internal;
+	VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlags exportableHandleTypes = (VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlags)0;
 	std::mutex mutex;
+	marl::Event internal;
 	External *external = nullptr;
-	bool temporaryImport = false;
+	External *tempExternal = nullptr;
 };
 
 static inline Semaphore *Cast(VkSemaphore object)
diff --git a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalFuchsia.hpp b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalFuchsia.hpp
index a45f0b8..90f68d4 100644
--- a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalFuchsia.hpp
+++ b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalFuchsia.hpp
@@ -26,38 +26,44 @@
 
 namespace vk {
 
-class Semaphore::External
+class ZirconEventExternalSemaphore : public Semaphore::External
 {
 public:
-	// The type of external semaphore handle types supported by this implementation.
-	static const VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlags kExternalSemaphoreHandleType =
-	    VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_TEMP_ZIRCON_EVENT_BIT_FUCHSIA;
-
-	// Default constructor. Note that one should call either init() or
-	// importFd() before any call to wait() or signal().
-	External() = default;
-
-	~External()
+	~ZirconEventExternalSemaphore()
 	{
 		zx_handle_close(handle);
 	}
 
-	void init()
+	VkResult init(bool initialValue) override
 	{
 		zx_status_t status = zx_event_create(0, &handle);
 		if(status != ZX_OK)
 		{
-			ABORT("zx_event_create() returned %d", status);
+			TRACE("zx_event_create() returned %d", status);
+			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
 		}
+		if(initialValue)
+		{
+			status = zx_object_signal(handle, 0, ZX_EVENT_SIGNALED);
+			if(status != ZX_OK)
+			{
+				TRACE("zx_object_signal() returned %d", status);
+				zx_handle_close(handle);
+				handle = ZX_HANDLE_INVALID;
+				return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
+			}
+		}
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
 	}
 
-	void importHandle(zx_handle_t new_handle)
+	VkResult importHandle(zx_handle_t new_handle) override
 	{
 		zx_handle_close(handle);
 		handle = new_handle;
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
 	}
 
-	VkResult exportHandle(zx_handle_t *pHandle) const
+	VkResult exportHandle(zx_handle_t *pHandle) override
 	{
 		zx_handle_t new_handle = ZX_HANDLE_INVALID;
 		zx_status_t status = zx_handle_duplicate(handle, ZX_RIGHT_SAME_RIGHTS, &new_handle);
@@ -70,7 +76,7 @@
 		return VK_SUCCESS;
 	}
 
-	void wait()
+	void wait() override
 	{
 		zx_signals_t observed = 0;
 		zx_status_t status = zx_object_wait_one(
@@ -91,7 +97,7 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	bool tryWait()
+	bool tryWait() override
 	{
 		zx_signals_t observed = 0;
 		zx_status_t status = zx_object_wait_one(
@@ -113,7 +119,7 @@
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	void signal()
+	void signal() override
 	{
 		zx_status_t status = zx_object_signal(handle, 0, ZX_EVENT_SIGNALED);
 		if(status != ZX_OK)
diff --git a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalLinux.hpp b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalLinux.hpp
index 36bac26..d4e4cd2 100644
--- a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalLinux.hpp
+++ b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalLinux.hpp
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@
 class SharedSemaphore
 {
 public:
-	SharedSemaphore()
+	SharedSemaphore(bool initialValue)
+	    : signaled(initialValue)
 	{
 		pthread_mutexattr_t mattr;
 		pthread_mutexattr_init(&mattr);
@@ -129,20 +130,13 @@
 
 namespace vk {
 
-class Semaphore::External
+class OpaqueFdExternalSemaphore : public Semaphore::External
 {
 public:
-	// The type of external semaphore handle types supported by this implementation.
-	static const VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlags kExternalSemaphoreHandleType = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT;
-
-	// Default constructor. Note that one should call either init() or
-	// importFd() before any call to wait() or signal().
-	External() = default;
-
-	~External() { close(); }
+	~OpaqueFdExternalSemaphore() { unmapRegion(); }
 
 	// Initialize instance by creating a new shared memory region.
-	void init()
+	VkResult init(bool initialState) override
 	{
 		// Allocate or import the region's file descriptor.
 		const size_t size = sw::memoryPageSize();
@@ -153,24 +147,30 @@
 		snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "SwiftShader.Semaphore.%d", ++counter);
 		if(!memfd.allocate(name, size))
 		{
-			ABORT("memfd.allocate() returned %s", strerror(errno));
+			TRACE("memfd.allocate() returned %s", strerror(errno));
+			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
 		}
-		mapRegion(size, true);
+		if(!mapRegion(size, true, initialState))
+			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
+
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
 	}
 
 	// Import an existing semaphore through its file descriptor.
-	VkResult importFd(int fd)
+	VkResult importOpaqueFd(int fd) override
 	{
-		close();
+		unmapRegion();
 		memfd.importFd(fd);
-		mapRegion(sw::memoryPageSize(), false);
+		if(!mapRegion(sw::memoryPageSize(), false, false))
+			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
+
 		return VK_SUCCESS;
 	}
 
 	// Export the current semaphore as a duplicated file descriptor to the same
 	// region. This can be consumed by importFd() running in a different
 	// process.
-	VkResult exportFd(int *pFd) const
+	VkResult exportOpaqueFd(int *pFd) override
 	{
 		int fd = memfd.exportFd();
 		if(fd < 0)
@@ -181,24 +181,23 @@
 		return VK_SUCCESS;
 	}
 
-	void wait()
+	void wait() override
 	{
 		semaphore->wait();
 	}
 
-	bool tryWait()
+	bool tryWait() override
 	{
 		return semaphore->tryWait();
 	}
 
-	void signal()
+	void signal() override
 	{
 		semaphore->signal();
 	}
 
 private:
-	// Unmap the semaphore if needed and close its file descriptor.
-	void close()
+	void unmapRegion()
 	{
 		if(semaphore)
 		{
@@ -213,23 +212,25 @@
 	}
 
 	// Remap the shared region and setup the semaphore or increment its reference count.
-	void mapRegion(size_t size, bool needInitialization)
+	bool mapRegion(size_t size, bool needsInitialization, bool initialValue)
 	{
 		// Map the region into memory and point the semaphore to it.
 		void *addr = memfd.mapReadWrite(0, size);
 		if(!addr)
 		{
-			ABORT("mmap() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+			TRACE("mmap() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+			return false;
 		}
 		semaphore = reinterpret_cast<SharedSemaphore *>(addr);
-		if(needInitialization)
+		if(needsInitialization)
 		{
-			new(semaphore) SharedSemaphore();
+			new(semaphore) SharedSemaphore(initialValue);
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			semaphore->addRef();
 		}
+		return true;
 	}
 
 	LinuxMemFd memfd;
diff --git a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalNone.hpp b/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalNone.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 9592e3f..0000000
--- a/src/Vulkan/VkSemaphoreExternalNone.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The SwiftShader Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef VK_SEMAPHORE_EXTERNAL_NONE_H_
-#define VK_SEMAPHORE_EXTERNAL_NONE_H_
-
-namespace vk {
-
-// Empty external sempahore implementation.
-class Semaphore::External
-{
-public:
-	// The type of external semaphore handle types supported by this implementation.
-	static const VkExternalSemaphoreHandleTypeFlags kExternalSemaphoreHandleType = 0;
-
-	void init() {}
-
-	void wait() {}
-
-	bool tryWait() { return true; }
-
-	void signal() {}
-
-private:
-	int dummy;
-};
-
-}  // namespace vk
-
-#endif  // VK_SEMAPHORE_EXTERNAL_NONE_H_